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Triaenops menamena
''Triaenops menamena'' is a bat in the genus ''Triaenops'' found on Madagascar, mainly in the drier regions. It was known as ''Triaenops rufus'' until 2009, when it was discovered that that name had been incorrectly applied to the species. ''Triaenops rufus'' is a synonym of ''Triaenops persicus'', a Middle Eastern species closely related to ''T. menamena''— the Malagasy species had previously been placed as a subspecies of ''T. persicus'' by some authors. ''Triaenops menamena'' is mostly found in forests, but also occurs in other habitats. It often roosts in large colonies and eats insects such as butterflies and moths. Because of its wide range, common occurrence, and tolerance of habitat degradation, it is not considered to be threatened.
With a forearm length of 50 to 56 mm (2.0 to 2.2 in) in males and 46 to 53 mm (1.8 to 2.1 in) in females, this is a medium-sized bat. Its fur color is variable, ranging from reddish-brown to gray, but it is generally darker than the species in the closely related genus ''Paratriaenops'' which also occur on Madagascar. The skull contains a pronounced swelling around the nose and the second upper premolar is displaced outside the toothrow. The maximum frequency of the echolocation call averages 94.2 kHz and the species can easily be recognized on the basis of its call.
==Taxonomy==
In 1881, Alphonse Milne-Edwards described two new species in the genus ''Triaenops'' on the basis of specimens supposedly collected by Léon Humblot on Madagascar: the reddish ''Triaenops rufus'' and the larger, gray ''T. humbloti''.〔Milne-Edwards, 1881, p. 1035〕 Jean Dorst, who reviewed Madagascan ''Triaenops'' in 1947, retained both as separate species; in another review, published in 1982, John Edwards Hill considered the two to represent the same species. In 1994, Karl Koopman considered ''rufus'' itself to be part of the Middle Eastern and mainland African species ''Triaenops persicus'', a possibility Hill had discussed,〔Goodman and Ranivo, 2009, p. 47; Benda and Vallo, 2009, table 1〕 but most authors regarded the two as distinct species.〔Benda and Vallo, 2009, p. 7〕 In 2006, Julie Ranivo and Steven Goodman revised Madagascan ''Triaenops'' and found little variation among specimens of ''T. rufus'' from throughout the dry parts of the island.〔Ranivo and Goodman, 2007, pp. 963, 975〕 Three years later, they published another paper which showed that the original material of ''T. rufus'' and ''T. humbloti'' was distinct from Madagascan specimens identified as "''Triaenops rufus''" and more similar to ''T. persicus''.〔Goodman and Ranivo, 2009, p. 52〕 On his journey to Madagascar, Humblot had stayed in Somalia and Yemen, and Goodman and Ranivo concluded that he had probably collected the ''Triaenops'' there, after which their provenance was incorrectly recorded.〔Goodman and Ranivo, 2009, pp. 52–53〕 Thus, ''rufus'' and ''humbloti'' cannot be used for the Madagascan species, and Goodman and Ranivo proposed the new name ''Triaenops menamena'' for the species formerly known as ''T. rufus''. The specific name ''menamena'' is Malagasy for "reddish", referring to the animal's coloration.〔Goodman and Ranivo, 2009, p. 54〕 "Rufous trident bat" has been used as a common name for ''Triaenops rufus''.〔
''Triaenops menamena'' is currently one of four living species in the genus ''Triaenops''; a 2009 revision by Petr Benda and Peter Vallo split off the African ''T. afer'' and the Yemeni ''T. parvus'' from ''T. persicus'' and removed three other species, including two from Madagascar, to the separate genus ''Paratriaenops''.〔Benda and Vallo, 2009, p. 34〕 An extinct species, ''Triaenops goodmani'', is known from northwestern Madagascar.〔 In 2007 and 2008, Amy Russell and colleagues used phylogenetic and coalescent methodologies to investigate the history of the ''Triaenops'' group. They found that ''T. menamena'' (as ''T. rufus'') was closest to mainland African ''Triaenops'' (but did not study Middle Eastern bats) and concluded that ''T. menamena'' and the species of ''Paratriaenops'' (then still placed in ''Triaenops'') independently reached Madagascar from Africa; the colonization of the island by ''T. menamena'' was dated to about 660,000 years ago.〔Russell et al., 2007, p. 839; 2008, p. 995〕 Benda and Vallo also studied phylogenetic relationships in ''Triaenops'' and included Middle Eastern ''T. persicus'' and ''T. parvus'' in their analysis. They found little resolution of relationships within ''Triaenops'', but some evidence suggested that ''T. menamena'' is more closely related to the Middle Eastern species than to ''T. afer'' in mainland Africa; therefore, ''T. menamena'' may have reached Madagascar from the Middle East or northeastern Africa. They also placed the split between ''T. menamena'' and the other species much further back, at around 4 million years ago.〔Benda and Vallo, 2009, pp. 27–28〕
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